What actually happened on January 6th?: Insurrection frame
The legal record
On January 20, 2025, Trump signed executive clemency for over 1,500 January 6th defendants. Some had been convicted of seditious conspiracy. Some had pleaded guilty to assaulting police officers with flagpoles and chemical spray. The legal record — built across four years of federal prosecution, hundreds of trials, thousands of hours of evidence — was nullified in a single afternoon.
We start there because the pardons completed the logic of the day. January 6 was an attempt to prevent the constitutional transfer of presidential power. The pardons announced that the attempt carried no lasting consequence. Storm the Capitol, hunt for the vice president by name, and walk free with a presidential handshake four years later.
Federal judges — many appointed by Republican presidents — handed down sentences after reviewing body camera footage, geolocation data, and defendants’ own social media posts. The seditious conspiracy convictions required prosecutors to prove defendants conspired to use force against the authority of the United States government. Juries found that standard met.
The precedent
The institutional stress test points to the certification timeline as proof the system worked. Congress reconvened. Biden was inaugurated. All true. But a system that delivers the correct outcome and then pardons the people who tried to prevent it has not worked
in any sense that matters for the next time. If there are no consequences, the precedent is: try again.
The symptom readers want context. Erosion made the day possible. But context is not exoneration. Millions distrusted the government on January 5. Only a fraction broke into the Capitol on January 6. The decision to use violence was specific.
Where we concede ground: Worst attack since the Civil War
erases communities for whom democratic exclusion lasted generations.
What would change our mind: Pardoned defendants living quietly through the 2028 transition with no organized political mobilization.
Read the full synthesis: What actually happened on January 6th?