Is China's rise a threat or an opportunity for the USA?: Thucydides trap

The procurement documents

Xi Jinping has said the military must be capable of fighting and winning wars by 2027. The PLA Navy commissioned more warships between 2015 and 2023 than the entire Royal Navy has in service. China’s nuclear warhead count is projected to exceed 1,000 by 2030, up from roughly 200 in 2019. We are not reading tea leaves. We are reading budgets.

The historical record is not ambiguous. When a rising power approaches parity with a ruling one, the structural pressures toward conflict intensify regardless of intentions. Athens did not want war with Sparta. Britain did not want war with Germany. Graham Allison documented sixteen cases. Twelve ended in conflict. The four that didn’t required extraordinary statecraft that neither Washington nor Beijing has demonstrated.

The peaceful rise camp points to $700 billion in bilateral trade. Norman Angell published The Great Illusion in 1910, arguing economic integration made European war impossible. Four years later, the trenches. Interdependence raises the cost of war. It does not prevent it.

The South China Sea is the tell. Military installations on artificial islands in defiance of a 2016 tribunal ruling. Runways, radar, anti-ship missiles. The decoupling realists are doing useful work — reducing dependency buys time. But supply chain diversification is a hedge, not a strategy.

Where we concede ground: We have a hammer problem. Allison’s sixteen cases are European history, and the nuclear age may break the pattern.

What would change our mind: A US-China mutual security framework for the Western Pacific surviving an actual crisis.

Read the full synthesis: Is China’s rise a threat or an opportunity for the USA?