What are borders actually for?: Open borders
The trillion-dollar sidewalk
In 2013, economist Michael Clemens published a calculation so large it sounded like satire. If borders were open — if people could move to where their labor was most productive — global GDP would increase by 50 to 150 percent. Seventy-eight trillion dollars in lost output. The research has been contested, replicated, and attacked for a decade. The order of magnitude has survived every challenge.
The passport you hold at birth is the largest determinant of your lifetime income. Larger than education, talent, or effort. A civil engineer in Lagos earns a fraction of what the same engineer earns in Houston, performing identical work, because one was born on the wrong side of a line drawn at the Berlin Conference of 1884. Every moral framework that has argued against birthright discrimination must eventually confront nationality as the last form of inherited privilege polite society treats as natural.
Florida’s analysis is the enforcement camp’s nightmare. Remove the workforce and the economy collapses. The border is not protecting American workers. It is disciplining migrant ones — keeping labor illegal so the threat of deportation keeps it cheap.
American expats in Costa Rica are living the open-borders position without the label. When a retired American moves to Oaxaca, it is lifestyle migration. When a Honduran moves to Houston for the same reasons, it is an invasion. The distinction is not behavior. It is who we have decided deserves to move.
The functional borders camp offers Schengen as a middle path. Schengen proves our point: open borders between countries with different wages and welfare systems did not produce collapse. But the openness stops at the perimeter. The line between who deserves mobility was drawn by colonial history.
Where we concede ground: We do not have a transition plan. Open borders overnight would produce disruption severe enough to set the cause back.
What would change our mind: Replicated evidence that large-scale immigration depresses lowest-income native wages by over 15 percent for a decade.
Read the full synthesis: What are borders actually for?