Does the universe have a purpose?: Teleologists
The topology of arrival
Forty times. Eyes evolved independently at least forty times. Not by copying — forty separate inventions using different genetic toolkits, all converging on the same functional solution. Simon Conway Morris catalogued these: intelligence, sociality, tool use, warm-bloodedness. The list does not behave like coincidences. It behaves like destinations.
We are not arguing from design. The moment you say directionality
in biology, half the room hears intelligent design
and stops listening. We are making a biological claim: the fitness landscape of this universe has deep attractors, and complex adaptive systems keep falling into them. Eyes are an attractor. Cooperation is an attractor. You can call this coincidence if you have a very high tolerance for coincidence.
The materialists respond with survivorship bias on a sample of one. Of course this universe looks like it was going somewhere — we are the somewhere it went. The objection is formally valid and emotionally weightless. It explains why we might be wrong. It does not explain the eyes.
Stuart Kauffman’s work on self-organization suggests complex systems generate order spontaneously, the way a whirlpool generates structure from turbulence. The universe’s trajectory from simplicity to complexity may be a deep structural feature of matter itself. The process theologians see something similar and call it God. We call it the topology of possibility space. The disagreement may be smaller than the vocabulary suggests.
I stood on a ridge in the Cascades last October and watched a murmuration of starlings — ten thousand birds moving as one organism, no conductor, no choreographer. Something in the physics of collective behavior wanted that shape. Something in the universe wants eyes.
Where we concede ground: Pattern-recognition is the cognitive faculty most prone to false positives. We may be projecting agency onto the cosmos.
What would change our mind: If most possible universes produce complex life — if our physics is typical, not fine-tuned — our signal becomes noise.
Read the full synthesis: Does the universe have a purpose?